At the core of the deal is crays highperformance computing hpc technology, which hpe wants to offer as a. This made the cray1 was the first commercially successful supercomputer and launched the legend that became cray research. Brochure has a black background on front and back covers. V1,1 v1,n1 mbit wide mbit wide vector functional units use deep pipeline fast clock to execute element operations simplifies control of deep pipeline because elements in vector are independent 14 v 1 v 2 v 3 v3 architecture. The cray extended architecture series of computer systems. The cray 1 computer system school of computer science.
Kolodzey, member, ieee abstracthardware and packaging technology which provide the high performance of the cray1. This paper describes the cray, 1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and gives an account of some of the problems that were overcome during its manufacture. Front cover has a blue color photograph of a cray computer. One of the sseries models is sure to meet your specific needs. Flexible hardware architecture cray shasta hardware architecture supports multiple processor architectures and accelerator options. An analysis of the cray1 computer proceedings of the. The cray1 is able of executing over 80 million floating point operations even higher rates are possible with programs that age of the vector features of the computer. It reigned as the worlds fastest from 1976 to 1982.
Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by seymour cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance. Russell thispaperdescribesthecray 1,discussestheevolutionofitsarchitec ture. Seymour cray cdc 6600, cray 1 microprocessors and pcs multicores and cell phones. Crays innovations yielded a machine that was so advanced that a bidding war ensued for the first machine off the line. The hwacha vectorfetch architecture manual, version 3. R n is the rate of execution for example, in mflops for a vector of length n. The cray1 is the only computer to have been built to date that satisfies erdas class. The iconic look of the cray1 is more than just 1970s aesthetics at play.
A short summary of a classic computer that uses vectors of operations to remove pipeline stalls. This paper describes the cray1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and gives an account of some of the problems that were overcome during its manufacture. The cray 1 is the only computer to have been built to date that satisfies erdas class vi requirement a computer capable of processing from 20 to 60 million floating point operations per second 1. The cray 1 is able of executing over 80 million floating point operations even higher rates are possible with programs that age of the vector features of the computer. The impact of memory and architecture on computer performance nelson h. Cray xc40 compute node numa node 0 numa node 1 cray xc40 intel xeon compute node the xc40 compute node features. A historical perspective arvind computer science and artificial. Cray continues the partnership with pgi to provide compilers on xt cray compilation environment upc implementation co. Its distinctive design reflected seymour crays innovative engineering solutions and theatrical flair.
Physial organization cray 1 is equiped with 1 12 full duplex io channels. Chapter44 thecray1computersystem745 table1 cray 1cpucharacteristicssummary computationsection scalarandvectorprocessingmodes 12. Cray 1 xmp xmp ymp 2 c90 3 4 intel 4004 8008 8085 8086 8088 80186 80286 80386. On march 2, 2000, cray was sold to tera computer company, which was renamed cray inc. Compute nodes these only do user computation and are always referred to as compute nodes service nodes. Introduced in 1976 cray 2, cray xmp, cray ymp o demise in the late 1990s, the pricetoperformance ratio drastically increased for conventional microprocessor designs. The cray 1 is an extremely highspeed computer, intended to be used for large floatingpoint scientific computations. From the first cray1 supercomputer to todays lineup of topnotch high performance computing, storage and analytics solutions, cray, a hewlett packard enterprise company, has been helping scientists and engineers solve their most challenging computational problems for. The cray 1 by seymour cray was the worlds first practical supercomputer. The cray 1 s fortran compiler cft is designed to give the scientific user immediate access to the benefits of the cray 1 s vector processing. August 21, 2008 2 computing devices then edsac, university of cambridge, uk, 1949. This paper describes the cray,1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and gives an account of some of the problems that were overcome during its manufacture. Cal enables the user to tailor programs to the architecture of the cray1.
The round tower minimized wire lengths, while the distinctive bench. Computer architecture and design 523 the performance of a piece of vector code running on a data parallel machine can be summarized with a few key parameters. An analysis of the cray1 computer acm digital library. Inspired by traditional vector machines from the 1970s and 1980s such as the cray 1, and lessons learned from our previous vectorthread architectures such as scale 9, 7 and maven 5. For close to a decade, cray research has been the industry leader in. This paper describes the cray1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and gives an account of some of the problems that were overcome during its. Performance of hybrid mpiopenmp vasp on cray xc40 based on intel knights landing many integrated core architecture zhengji zhao1, martijn marsman2, florian wende3, and jeongnim kim4 1 national energy scientific computing center nersc, lawrence berkeley national laboratory, berkeley, usa. Russell thispaperdescribesthecray1,discussestheevolutionofitsarchitec ture.
The cray1s fortran compiler cft is designed to give the scientific user immediate access to the benefits of the cray1s vector processing. Ray1 is an effective host processor for local computer rks and timesharing networks. The cray1 supercomputerfeaturing a central column surrounded by a padded, circular seat, the cray1 looked like no other computer. This workinprogress document outlines the fourth version of the hwacha vectorfetch architecture.
The semicircular mainframe houses over 200,000 integrated circuits, 3400 printed circuit boards, and over 60 miles of wire, yet it. Additionally, it is architected for forward compatibility with nextgeneration blades and servers. Performance of hybrid mpiopenmp vasp on cray xc40 based on. I ran on a xmp 48 at nasaames for quite a while before they got their first cray2.
Under sgi ownership, one new cray model line, the cray sv1, was launched in 1998. The cray 1 was a supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by cray research. In october 1996, founder seymour cray died as a result of a traffic accident. Architecture of the argonne cray xc40 knl system theta erhtjhtyhy scott parker lead, performance engineering team argonne leadership computing facility. The memory hierarchy of registers, cache, main memory, and virtual. Array implementation smooth transition to cascade laying support for integrating accelerators intel compiler also available for xt systems cray acquired pathscaletechnology. The cray1 has the ability to operate efficiently even with short vector lengths l, and it is also a fast scalar processor. This was a clustered smp vector processor architecture, developed from j90 technology.
I ran on a xmp 48 at nasaames for quite a while before they got their first cray 2. Back cover has a list of the corporate offices, domestic and international. The system was one of the first major applications of gallium arsenide gaas semiconductors in computing, using hundreds of custom built ics packed into a 1 cubic foot 0. For close to a decade, cray research has been the industry leader in largescale computer systems. A formal text on pipelined control, with emphasis on underlying principles. Performance of hybrid mpiopenmp vasp on cray xc40 based on intel knights landing many integrated core architecture zhengji zhao1, martijn marsman2, florian wende3, and jeongnim kim4 1 national energy scientific computing center nersc, lawrence berkeley national laboratory. Eventually, over 100 cray 1 s were sold, making it one of the most successful supercomputers in history. However, it is a wellbalanced machine that can gracefully be used on a. The cray 3 was a vector supercomputer, seymour cray s designated successor to the cray 2. C 1177 full, scanned, pdf collection of online cray manuals.
The design goal was performance around 16 gflops, about 12 times that of the cray2. Pdf performance evaluation of the cray x1 distributed. This paper describes the cray,1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and. Inspired by traditional vector machines from the 1970s and 1980s such as the cray1, and. Architecture and design of cray datawarp dave henseler, benjamin landsteiner, doug petesch, cornell wrighty, and nicholas j. A study of the architecture as well as the application of the supercomputer was discussed by atul gonsai and bhargavi goswami 1. Direct connected processor architecture the cray xd1 system is based on the direct connected processor dcp architecture, harnessing many processors into a single, uni.
A historical perspective arvind computer science and artificial intelligence laboratory m. Transfer 1 word per cycle for b, t, and v registers transfer 1 word every 2 cycles for a and s registers transfer 4 words every cycle to instruction buffers. Th e architecture of pipelined computers, mcgrawhill, new york. Proprietary 3 the cray xc30 is a massively parallel processor mpp supercomputer design. For close to a decade, cray research has been the industry. Cray research provides ware and software interfaces that link the cray 1 with. From the first cray1 supercomputer to todays lineup of topnotch high performance computing, storage and analytics solutions, cray, a hewlett packard enterprise company, has been helping scientists and engineers solve their most challenging computational problems for over 40 years. Inside front and back cover pages have a silver backgrou.
Performance evaluation of the cray x1 distributed sharedmemory architecture article pdf available in ieee micro 251. Eventually, over 100 cray1s were sold, making it one of the most successful supercomputers in history. The cray1 was a supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by cray research. The iconic look of the cray 1 is more than just 1970s aesthetics at play. At the lower end of the sseriesis the model s500, which has 51 2k words of central memory. Cray was also one of the pioneers of dividing complex computations among multiple processors, a design known as multiprocessing.
It is therefore built from many thousands of individual nodes. The cray1 has been called the worlds most expensive. The other serious bottleneck in the cdc 7600 architecture is the entry of results into the x registers, which is also limited to one per clock period. However, it is a wellbalanced machine that can gracefully be used on a wide class of problems. Study of supercomputers architecture, application and its future use conference paper pdf available july 20 with 2,335 reads how we measure reads. Cray s innovations yielded a machine that was so advanced that a bidding war ensued for the first machine off the line. The clean architecture of the cray1 is teamed with proven logic circuitry resulting in new levels of hardware reliability. The cray1 computer system communications of the acm. Titan, a case study describes the architecture of the first member of an entirely new computing class, the graphic supercomputing workstation known as titan. The cray 1 is the only computer to have been built to date that satisfies erdas class. Ray 1 is an effective host processor for local computer rks and timesharing networks.
They proposed that a normal system may be changed and upgraded. V1,1 v1,n1 mbit wide mbit wide vector functional units use deep pipeline fast clock to execute element operations simplifies control of deep pipeline because elements in vector are independent 14 v 1 v 2 v 3 v3 cray platforms were the most notable vector supercomputers cray 1. Introducing the cray 1 sseries of computer systems the cray i computer system has evolved into the cray 1 s series of computer systems. The cray1 is an extremely highspeed computer, intended to be used for large floatingpoint scientific computations. The cray1 s fortran compiler cft is designed to give the scientific user immediate access to the benefits of the cray1 s vector processing. The operating system as well as most othet software provided by cray research, inc. Pdf study of supercomputers architecture, application and. Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Cray1 computer technology computer architecture research. The insides of a cray1 supercomputer old computers. Cs252 s05 cmsc 411 1 7 computer architecture is an integrated approach what really matters is the functioning of the complete system hardware, runtime system, compiler, operating system, and application in networking, this is called the end to end argument computer architecture is not just about transistors, individual instructions, or particular implementations. Crays implementation of the dcp architecture optimizes messagepassing applications by. The first cray 1 shipped in 1976 and was capable of a then spectacular peek performance of 100 mflops 100 million floating point operations per second.
Pdf study of supercomputers architecture, application. There are two basic types of nodes in any cray xc30. Eventually, over 100 cray1 s were sold, making it one of the most successful supercomputers in history. The clean architecture of the cray 1 is teamed with proven logic circuitry resulting in new levels of hardware reliability. This made the cray 1 was the first commercially successful supercomputer and launched the legend that became cray research. The cray3 was a vector supercomputer, seymour crays designated successor to the cray2. Cray research provides ware and software interfaces that link the cray1 with. This paper describes the cray 1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and gives an account of some of the problems that were overcome during its manufacture. One of the first machines to use multiprocessing was the cray xmp, introduced in 1982, which linked two cray1 computers in parallel to triple their individual performance. It is the first 3 chapters of the cray research cray1 hardware refernce manual 2240004, revision c conversion to html was done by ed thelen. The cray1 is the only computer to have been built to date that satisfies erdas class vi requirement a computer capable of processing from 20 to 60 million floating point operations per second 1.
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